In brain tissue calcifications, the presence of osteogenesis markers was depicted in calcified vasculature regions. The susceptibility of brain tissues to calcium deposition is not clear however, the genetic factors seem to play an important role.
īrain calcification is vastly common in patients with neurological or metabolic disorders, where 20% of cases are among the elderly revealing in clinical manifestations as tremors, parkinsonism, seizures, and dementia. Despite the presence of highly advanced clinical and surgical treatments for calcifications such as arterial plaques and kidney stones, the challenges for preventing the complications of stenting for atherosclerosis patients and the recurrence of kidney stones drive the scientists to offer efficient solutions. On the other hand, urinary tract calcification, known as kidney stones, is a worldwide problem affecting 15% of population in developed countries with a high rate of recurrence, close to 50%. Moreover, the atherosclerotic calcified plaques is a highly prevalent disease, affecting about 65% of the population over the age of 40, where the current treatment involves valve replacement surgeries with 3% rate of mortality. For example, calcific aortic valve disease leads to heart failure in 50% of patients over the age of 85.
Pathological calcification is part of high mortality diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases with 17 million deaths per year (reported in 2008) and 42% mortality rate in low-income and 28% in high-income European countries (reported in 20) comprising 19% of total healthcare expenditure in European countries (recent report in 2019). Calcification in soft tissues leads to many extra-skeletal diseases including calcification in hemodialysis patients, calcific aortic stenosis, atherosclerosis, kidney and bladder stones, dental pulp stones, some gall stones, salivary gland stones, chronic calculous prostatitis, testicular microliths, some dementias, calcinosis cutis, several malignancies, calcific tenditis, synovitis, arthritis, and cancerous tumors. However, the abnormal deposition of calcium minerals on soft tissues known as pathologic calcification creates the basis of severe diseases. Hard tissues in human body consist of mineral phase that is mostly composed of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and is the primary mineral in bone and teeth. The state-of-the-art in vitro models and strategies that can recreate the highly dynamic environment of calcification are identified. The possible effect of extracellular components in signaling and templating mineralization, as well as the role of intrinsically disordered proteins in calcification, is reviewed. We will discuss a range of potential mechanisms of pathological calcification, with the purpose of identifying universal mechanistic pathways that occur across multiple organs/tissues at multiple length scales. Toward this goal, this review dissects the current understanding of structure–function relationships and physico-chemical properties of pathologic calcification from a materials science point of view. However, the exact mechanism responsible for calcification remains unknown. The current paradigm for pathological calcification focuses on the biological factors responsible for bone-like mineralization, including osteoblast-like cells and proteins inducing nucleation and crystal growth. I see now that with mobile view its kinda wierdish-looking, so sorry about that.Physiological calcification plays an essential part in the development of the skeleton and teeth however, the occurrence of calcification in soft tissues such as the brain, heart, and kidneys associates with health impacts, creating a massive social and economic burden. With all of the above in mind, I would LOVE to hear criticism : both positive and constructive
#DEAD CELLS ROUTES UPDATE#
I plan to update the site with 'Fatal Falls'. I am in no way web/UI/UX engineer and have no prior experience, so if your eyes hurt I am sorry nothing here is official, and everything can and might be inaccurate or incomplete. When I finally got to 4-5 BCs, and realized how important it is to know your run route, a question came to my mind, 'What is the " best" route one can take', that is - the route with the most scrolls/duals/frags/cursed chests.So about two weeks after, I am here (with my 5bcs medal in hand), coming to you with an off-time little project - for all of us to enjoy :) I am Wakafa, I am a programmer who also happens to like deadcells very much. Very excited to post here for the first time after lurking here for about two months :)
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